US Drugstore | Tramadol Review
Author: us drugstore
Tramadol is an atypical opioid which is a centrally acting analgesic, used for treating moderate to severe pain. It is a synthetic agent, and appears to have actions on the ?-opioid receptor as well as the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Tramadol was developed by the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH in the late 1970s and marketed under the trade name Tramal. Grünenthal has also cross licensed the drug to many other pharmaceutical companies that market it under various names.
Tramadol is an atypical opioid which is a centrally acting analgesic, used for treating moderate to severe pain. It is a synthetic agent, and appears to have actions on the ?-opioid receptor as well as the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. Tramadol was developed by the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH in the late 1970s and marketed under the trade name Tramal. Grünenthal has also cross licensed the drug to many other pharmaceutical companies that market it under various names.
Specifically, tramadol comes in capsules, tablets, extended-release tablets, low-residue and/or uncoated tablets which can be taken by the sublingual and buccal routes, suppositories, effervescent tablets and powders, ampoules of sterile solution for SC, IM, and IV injection, powders for compounding, liquid for oral and sublingual administration -- in regular phials and bottles, dropper bottles, bottles with a pump similar to those used with liquid soap and phials with droppers built into the cap - as well as tablets and capsules containing paracetamol and aspirin.
Tramadol has a characteristic taste which is mildly bitter but much less so than morphine and codeine. Oral and sublingual drops and liquid preparations come with and without added flavouring. Its relative effectivness via transmucousal routes (sublingual, buccal, rectal) is around that of codeine and like codeine it is also metabolised in the liver to stronger metabolites (see below).
Doses range from 50-400 mg daily, maximum dose of 400 mg a day (webmed), with up to 600 mg daily when given IV/IM. The formulation containing APAP contains 37.5 mg of tramadol and 325 mg of paracetamol, intended for oral administration with a common dosing recommendation of one or two tabs every four to six hours.
Tramadol can be boosted in its analgesic effect with carisoprodol and meprobamate, benzodiazepines, and most antihistamines, especially promethazine, hydroxyzine, and orphenadrine.
Unlike most other opioids, Tramadol is not considered a controlled substance in many countries (the US and Australia, among others), and is available with a normal prescription. Tramadol is available over the counter without prescription in a few countries.[4] Sweden has as of May 2008 chosen to classify Tramadol as a controlled substance in the same way as codeine and dextropropoxyphene. This means that the substance is a scheduled drug. But unlike codeine and dextropropoxyphene, a normal prescription can be used at this time.[2] Tramadol is sometimes mistakenly classified as a non-opioid analgesic, because its abuse liability is lower than that of other opioids and because it has multiple mechanisms of action (including, but not limited to mu-opioid activity).
Tramadol is usually marketed as the hydrochloride salt (tramadol hydrochloride) and is available in both injectable (intravenous and/or intramuscular) and oral preparations. It is also available in conjunction with paracetamol (acetaminophen).
Source: www.articlesbase.com
Tramadol has a characteristic taste which is mildly bitter but much less so than morphine and codeine. Oral and sublingual drops and liquid preparations come with and without added flavouring. Its relative effectivness via transmucousal routes (sublingual, buccal, rectal) is around that of codeine and like codeine it is also metabolised in the liver to stronger metabolites (see below).
Doses range from 50-400 mg daily, maximum dose of 400 mg a day (webmed), with up to 600 mg daily when given IV/IM. The formulation containing APAP contains 37.5 mg of tramadol and 325 mg of paracetamol, intended for oral administration with a common dosing recommendation of one or two tabs every four to six hours.
Tramadol can be boosted in its analgesic effect with carisoprodol and meprobamate, benzodiazepines, and most antihistamines, especially promethazine, hydroxyzine, and orphenadrine.
Unlike most other opioids, Tramadol is not considered a controlled substance in many countries (the US and Australia, among others), and is available with a normal prescription. Tramadol is available over the counter without prescription in a few countries.[4] Sweden has as of May 2008 chosen to classify Tramadol as a controlled substance in the same way as codeine and dextropropoxyphene. This means that the substance is a scheduled drug. But unlike codeine and dextropropoxyphene, a normal prescription can be used at this time.[2] Tramadol is sometimes mistakenly classified as a non-opioid analgesic, because its abuse liability is lower than that of other opioids and because it has multiple mechanisms of action (including, but not limited to mu-opioid activity).
Tramadol is usually marketed as the hydrochloride salt (tramadol hydrochloride) and is available in both injectable (intravenous and/or intramuscular) and oral preparations. It is also available in conjunction with paracetamol (acetaminophen).
Source: www.articlesbase.com
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